Sources & provenance | Bihar Unpacked

Some source reuse terms remain restrictive or unclear. This is a local research edition; it does not claim that every government source is openly licensed. Source PDFs and web assets are not offered as our own open downloads. Public release still requires the recorded rights review.

ipindia_gi_74

IP India GI application 74: Sujini Embroidery Work of Bihar

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/74
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

ipindia_gi_538

IP India GI application 538: Sujini Embroidery Work of BIhar

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/538
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

ipindia_gi_37

IP India GI application 37: Madhubani Paintings

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/37
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

ipindia_gi_537

IP India GI application 537: Applique (Khatwa) Work of Bihar

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/537
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

ipindia_gi_536

IP India GI application 536: Sikki Grass Products of Bihar

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/536
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

ipindia_gi_180

IP India GI application 180: Bhagalpur Silk Fabrics & Sarees

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/180
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

ipindia_gi_553

IP India GI application 553: Katarni Rice

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/553
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

ipindia_gi_554

IP India GI application 554: Magahi Paan

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/554
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

ipindia_gi_552

IP India GI application 552: Shahi Litchi of Bihar

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/552
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

ipindia_gi_584

IP India GI application 584: Silao Khaja

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/584
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

ipindia_gi_696

IP India GI application 696: Mithila Makhana

Publisher: Geographical Indications Registry, Intellectual Property India
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublicSearch/Application/Details/696
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

bihar_tourism_chhath

Chhath Puja

Publisher: Department of Tourism, Government of Bihar
Reference period: Sequence described by Bihar Tourism; not a dated 2026 festival calendar.
Exact source: https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/experiences/festivals-and-fairs/festivals/chhath-puja
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

dc_handicrafts_sujini

Sujini Embroidery Work of Bihar

Publisher: Office of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), Ministry of Textiles
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://handicrafts.nic.in/crafts/All_Crafts/Craft_Categories/Textile/Embroidery/Sujini_Embroidery_Work_of_Bihar/Sujini_Embroidery_Work_of_Biharwebpage.html
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

dc_handicrafts_madhubani

Madhubani Paintings

Publisher: Office of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), Ministry of Textiles
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://handicrafts.nic.in/crafts/All_Crafts/Craft_Categories/Miscellaneous/Folk_Painting/Madhubani_Painting/Madhubani_Paintingwebpage.html
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

bihar_government_crafts

Art and Crafts

Publisher: Government of Bihar
Reference period: Registry facts checked 26 October 2026; historical dates retain their individual meanings.
Exact source: https://state.bihar.gov.in/mines/Content.html?links=&page=Art+and+Crafts
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

pib_chhath_nahay_khay_2025

Prime Minister extends greetings on commencement of Chhath

Publisher: Press Information Bureau / Prime Minister’s Office
Reference period: Sequence described by Bihar Tourism; not a dated 2026 festival calendar.
Exact source: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2182370&lang=2&reg=48
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication 2025-10-25. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

pib_chhath_kharna_2025

Prime Minister Extends Wishes on Chhath Puja’s Sacred Kharna Ritual

Publisher: Press Information Bureau / Prime Minister’s Office
Reference period: Sequence described by Bihar Tourism; not a dated 2026 festival calendar.
Exact source: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2182564&lang=2&reg=48
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication 2025-10-26. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

pib_chhath_morning_2025

Prime Minister greets devotees on conclusion of Chhath Mahaparv

Publisher: Press Information Bureau / Prime Minister’s Office
Reference period: Sequence described by Bihar Tourism; not a dated 2026 festival calendar.
Exact source: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2183176&lang=2&reg=48
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication 2025-10-28. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Source facts checked against the cited individual record. The subject page uses an independently worded summary.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Original factual summaries and a limited selection of administrative facts with attribution. Source photographs, logos, GI artwork, certificates and descriptive prose are not republished. Source terms ↗

toi-tourism-2026-07-15

Bihar climbs to 9th spot in foreign tourist footfall, says minister

Publisher: The Times of India
Reference period: Full year 2020 · Full year 2025 · January–May 2026
Exact source: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-climbs-to-9th-spot-in-foreign-tourist-footfall-says-minister/articleshow/132422346.cms
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication 2026-07-15. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Article inspected; three period totals and their domestic/foreign components match. It reports a ministerial statement, not an acquired official microdataset.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: No open reuse licence established. Only independently worded, attributed numerical facts are eligible; article prose, photographs and layout are not licensed for republication. Retained HTML is research evidence, not a public download. Source terms ↗

pib-tourism-2025-03-24

Dekho Apna Desh Initiative

Publisher: Ministry of Tourism, Government of India / Press Information Bureau
Reference period: 2020 comparison record, acquired 26 October 2026
Exact source: https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2114404&lang=2&reg=48
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication 2025-03-24. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Annexure Bihar row checked: central domestic tourist visits for 2020 are 5,638,024. It identifies source as States/UTs Tourism Department; compilation/definition difference from 5,644,524 is unresolved.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Retained to document a conflicting official comparison, not silently merged with the reported ministerial series. No photographs or page prose included in derived rows. Source terms ↗

patna-press-rajgir-2026-08-25

Rajgir’s Natural Beauty Draws Tourists, With Hot Springs, Ropeway And Nature Safari Among Top Attractions

Publisher: Patna Press
Reference period: January–November 2025
Exact source: https://patnapress.com/rajgir-tourism-hot-springs-ropeway-nature-safari/
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication 2026-08-25. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Article inspected: January–November 2025 total 2,455,255 equals domestic 2,337,383 plus foreign 117,872. The article attributes these to departmental data; the underlying departmental table was not acquired.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Article footer identifies copyright PatnaPress.com; no open licence established. Eligible use is a short, independently worded attribution of numerical facts, with no article prose or photographs reproduced. Research HTML is not a public download. Source terms ↗

rbi-literacy-table6-2023

Table 6: State-wise literacy rate

Publisher: Reserve Bank of India; Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner
Reference period: 1951 · 1961 · 1971 · 1981 · 1991 · 2001 · 2011
Exact source: https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22070
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication 2023-11-15. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Exact factual values checked in the retained source. Original wording, images and full source are not republished.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: RBI retains copyright. Only a small attributed factual subset is used; no source prose, full national table or blanket open licence is reproduced. Source terms ↗

bihar-film-policy-table

Film subsidy table on the official corporation website

Publisher: Bihar State Film Development and Finance Corporation
Reference period: 2024 policy · website checked 26 Oct 2026
Exact source: https://film.bihar.gov.in/
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication date not supplied. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Exact factual values checked in the retained source. Original wording, images and full source are not republished.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: No blanket open licence established. Only independently worded factual conditions from the official table are used. Website code, images and policy PDF are research-only. Source terms ↗

patna-press-rainfall-2025-09-03

Bihar rainfall shortfall reported through August 2025

Publisher: Patna Press
Reference period: 2025 through August
Exact source: https://patnapress.com/bihar-faces-29-rainfall-deficit-drought-in-12-districts-floods-worsen-in-others/
Access & format: Checked 2026-10-26; source publication 2025-09-03. Corrected subject JSON retains individual source IDs, units, periods and publication status. Original source material is retained separately for research.
Method: Exact factual values checked in the retained source. Original wording, images and full source are not republished.
Limitations: Selection from the master research pack, not a claim of exhaustive coverage. Source verification is separate from public eligibility; local research rows are labelled and excluded from public-origin builds.
Reuse: Attributed numerical facts only. No article prose, photographs or blanket reuse licence. This is reported evidence, not an acquired IMD district table. Source terms ↗

osm-heritage-points

Landmark reference coordinates

Publisher: OpenStreetMap contributors
Reference period: Source map objects acquired 26 October 2026; individual object edit dates vary
Exact source: https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright
Access & format: Five exact object records linked on the journey pages; research geocoder results retained.. Public museum, town and monument reference points. Exact OSM node/way/relation IDs and coordinate-source links are stored per stop.
Method: One-time source lookup and primary tourism cross-checks where available. No visitor geocoder call.
Limitations: A representative map point is not a surveyed doorway, parking place or access guarantee. Road endpoints are separately snapped by the route engine.
Reuse: OpenStreetMap-derived geographic data uses ODbL 1.0 with contributor attribution. Source terms ↗

unesco-nalanda-coordinate

Nalanda World Heritage property coordinate

Publisher: UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Reference period: Reference point, acquired 26 October 2026
Exact source: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1502/maps/
Access & format: UNESCO property map coordinates: 25°8′12″ N, 85°26′38″ E.. Source latitude/longitude converted from degrees/minutes/seconds to decimal degrees.
Method: Used as the cited property reference point; the misplaced tourism-page point was rejected.
Limitations: Locates the heritage property, not a driving entrance. The route engine snaps it to its road graph.
Reuse: Source-specific factual location reference. Attribution retained; no blanket open licence asserted for UNESCO publications. Source terms ↗

unfpa-district-projections-2026

District population projections — 1 March 2026

Publisher: UNFPA India; state inputs from the Technical Group on Population Projections, National Commission on Population / ORGI
Reference period: 1 March 2026 projection; report first published 2022, publication page dated 8 August 2023
Exact source: https://india.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/unfpa_district_level_population_projections_book_-_with_cover.pdf#page=46
Access & format: Acquired PDF, Bihar district tables on PDF pages 46–64; state input on page 15. All 38 total population rows extracted and visually checked. Original PDF and deterministic extraction retained.
Method: Published ratio-method projections, not a new Census. Total-only series used. State input is 132,265,000; individually rounded district totals sum to 132,265,997 and are preserved as printed.
Limitations: A projection for 1 March 2026, not a live October count. No 2026 rural/urban share, literacy, sex ratio or district GDP is inferred. Source sex-component/state reconciliation differences are not used to produce new sex counts.
Reuse: The publication explicitly permits reproduction with source acknowledgement. Source attribution is retained; no UNFPA or government endorsement is implied. Source terms ↗

pib-eci-turnout-2025-11-12

Bihar Assembly Election – 2025

Publisher: Election Commission of India, via Press Information Bureau
Reference period: 2025 Assembly election
Exact source: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2189428&lang=2&reg=3
Access & format: Acquired 2026-10-26; publication 2025-11-12. Retained primary-source HTML and typed numerical records.
Method: Exact source values checked. Footnote explicitly says provisional; later-final Index Card values were not acquired.
Limitations: Preserve each period, price basis and provisional/advance-estimate status. These are not all calendar-year 2026 observations.
Reuse: PIB permits accurate attributed reproduction without prior approval, except third-party material; no endorsement implied. Source terms ↗

pib-makhana-2026-08-12

Establishment of National Makhana Board

Publisher: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, via Press Information Bureau
Reference period: 2025-26
Exact source: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2298038&lang=2&reg=48
Access & format: Acquired 2026-10-26; publication 2026-08-12. Retained primary-source HTML and typed numerical records.
Method: Source cites Second Advance Estimates 2025–26, and says the parliamentary statement was given 11 August 2026. Publication is 12 August 2026.
Limitations: Preserve each period, price basis and provisional/advance-estimate status. These are not all calendar-year 2026 observations.
Reuse: PIB permits accurate attributed reproduction without prior approval, except third-party material; no endorsement implied. Source terms ↗

bihar-des-state-2026-10

State Data Lab — state statistical tiles

Publisher: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Bihar
Reference period: 2025-26 · 2024-25
Exact source: https://statedata.bihar.gov.in/dataLab/
Access & format: Acquired 2026-10-26; publication date not supplied. Retained primary-source HTML and typed numerical records.
Method: Retained actual HTML tiles; source estimate suffixes A and Q retained. Per-capita income is not per-capita GDP.
Limitations: Preserve each period, price basis and provisional/advance-estimate status. These are not all calendar-year 2026 observations.
Reuse: Accurate attributed reproduction under DES website policy; preserve third-party rights and do not imply government endorsement. Not a blanket GODL licence. Source terms ↗

osrm-road-routes

Four road journey snapshots

Publisher: OpenStreetMap contributors; routes calculated by OSRM / FOSSGIS demo
Reference period: Acquired 26 October 2026; underlying road graph date not supplied
Exact source: https://project-osrm.org/docs/v5.24.0/api/
Access & format: Four exact route queries and original replies retained; each journey links its own response.. Actual road LineStrings, distances, model durations, legs and snapped endpoints. Local JSON, GeoJSON and GPX exports.
Method: Car-profile route through the cited site reference points. Detail loads from this site; no visitor OSRM or Nominatim request.
Limitations: Model time is not live traffic or a sightseeing schedule. Pins are reference points, not certified entrances. No flood/closure/access guarantee. Public demo is restricted to reasonable non-commercial use; a production route builder needs a suitable provider.
Reuse: OSM-derived geographic data retains ODbL 1.0 attribution. Demo service terms are separate from data rights. Standard OSM tiles are optional and must retain attribution, normal caching and no bulk/offline prefetch. Source terms ↗

bihar-des-district-facts

District population, literacy, income and agriculture

Publisher: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Bihar; Census of India 2011 for demography
Reference period: 2011 demography · 2023–24 income · 2024–25 crops
Exact source: https://statedata.bihar.gov.in/dataLab/
Access & format: https://statedata.bihar.gov.in/dataLab/getDistrictDetails?districtCode=212. Public JSON endpoint linked by the official page’s client code. All 38 district responses are retained.
Method: Population counts are kept as integers. Urban share is urban count divided by total count, multiplied by 100. Literacy is republished to one decimal. Census density is retained rather than recalculated from the later map. GDDP in lakh rupees is divided by 100 for crore. Sex ratio comes from the separate Census-labelled DES chart series.
Limitations: The feed transposes total, rural and urban population triplets for East and West Champaran. Only those fields are corrected, with original replies and official district cross-checks retained. Other fields stay with the named district. The 38 triplets reconcile to 104,099,452 people; that aggregate alone would not catch the transposition. Male/female population counts, workforce and religion were not acquired.
Reuse: DES permits accurate, prominently attributed use under its website terms, preserves third-party rights and prohibits implying endorsement. The underlying OGD Bihar PCA catalogue identifies Census data under NDSAP/GODL. This does not place every DES field, website asset or other source under GODL. Source terms ↗

Champaran cross-checks: East Champaran and West Champaran. Underlying Census source: OGD Bihar PCA catalogue. Sex-ratio access: Census-labelled DES chart series.

mofpi-odop-2024

One District One Product — revised PMFME list

Publisher: Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India
Reference period: 2024 revised list; file dated 13 March 2024
Exact source: https://www.mofpi.gov.in/sites/default/files/revised_list_of_odop_for_35_states_13.03.2024_1.pdf
Access & format: PDF page 7: 38 Bihar entries. Retrieved 39-page PDF; the Bihar page was rendered and checked. All 38 district rows are transcribed.
Method: Exact product labels joined through the district crosswalk. Scheme designation, not production ranking or GI status.
Limitations: A dated list, not a claim that the designation has never changed. Different ODOP programmes should not be conflated.
Reuse: MoFPI’s policy contains conflicting reproduction wording. No blanket open licence or permission is asserted. The local factbook attributes factual entries; raw PDF redistribution and public release need rights review. Source terms ↗

imd-rainfall-1951-2000

Climate of Bihar — Table V rainfall normals

Publisher: India Meteorological Department, Pune
Reference period: 1951–2000 normals; publication November 2011; district definitions as at 1 January 2010
Exact source: https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf
Access & format: PDF pages 65–66; printed pages 28–29. Retrieved 295-page publication. Table V was rendered and checked for all 38 district monthly and annual records.
Method: Annual normals stay as printed. June–September normals sum those four monthly values. Unit: millimetres; source precision: 0.1 mm.
Limitations: Not all stations have a complete 50-year series. Historical district definitions are not certified equivalent to the 2021 map. Monthly sums can differ slightly from printed annual normals because of rounding. These are not forecasts.
Reuse: No explicit open redistribution licence found in the obtained publication/library material. Attribution and source links are retained; no CC0/GODL/ODbL claim. Public redistribution requires source-rights review. Source terms ↗

nasa-power-2001-2020

POWER custom point climatology

Publisher: NASA Langley Research Center / POWER; MERRA-2 meteorological reanalysis
Reference period: January 2001–December 2020, explicitly requested and checked
Exact source: https://power.larc.nasa.gov/docs/services/api/temporal/climatology/
Access & format: Point API with start=2001 and end=2020; exact query stored per district. 38 retrieved JSON responses, each carrying twelve monthly means and model extrema.
Method: A representative point on each source polygon is selected with Turf pointOnFeature. MERRA-2 meteorology uses a 0.5° latitude × 0.625° longitude grid. March–May and December–February seasonal means use equal month weights. All response headers confirm the requested 20-year period.
Limitations: A coarse grid sample, not a district average or station record. Extrema are model values, not observed record temperatures. The API default had shifted to 2001–2025; it was not relabelled as 2001–2020.
Reuse: NASA’s data-use policy identifies NASA-led data without contrary restrictions as CC0. No contrary marking was found in the acquired replies. Attribution is retained; NASA endorsement is not implied. Source terms ↗

asi-parliament-2023

District-wise protected monument counts

Publisher: Ministry of Culture; Lok Sabha starred question 153
Reference period: 31 July 2023
Exact source: https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/1712/AS153.pdf?source=pqals
Access & format: Annexure, PDF page 3. Retrieved PDF. Its 17 Bihar district rows sum to 70 sites; the page was visually checked.
Method: Counts retained as printed. Districts without a row remain not-listed/null, not zero.
Limitations: Historical district counts. A March 2026 release reports 71 sites statewide but gives no district crosswalk. We do not assign that additional site by guesswork.
Reuse: Government source attribution retained. No blanket open licence is assigned to the parliamentary PDF. Source terms ↗

nma-asi-list

Names and localities in the ASI protected-monument list

Publisher: National Monuments Authority / Archaeological Survey of India
Reference period: Publication date not supplied; source district assignments retained
Exact source: https://www.nma.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=1&level=0&lid=15&ls_id=21&nma_type=0
Access & format: Bihar: PDF pages 6–7, serials 194–263. 70 named Bihar entries extracted from the obtained 94-page PDF.
Method: Names, localities, source district and page/serial retained. Existing district labels are not modern geographical remapping.
Limitations: For example, Kolhua is printed under Muzaffarpur. The list is not presented as a verified current district allocation or a complete inventory of all heritage.
Reuse: NMA’s policy asks for reproduction permission. No permission or blanket open licence is claimed. Raw source is research material; public release of reproduced catalogue content requires review. Source terms ↗

pib-asi-2026

Restoration and conservation of monuments in Bihar

Publisher: Press Information Bureau / Ministry of Culture
Reference period: 9 March 2026
Exact source: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2236999&lang=2&reg=48
Access & format: Release annexure: 71 site names and localities. Retrieved HTML. The table’s duplicated rendering was checked before deduplication.
Method: 71 unique serials. No district IDs are inferred because the release supplies localities without district attribution.
Limitations: This state inventory is newer than the 2023 district table. The two sources are not combined into a current district count.
Reuse: PIB permits accurate, prominently attributed reproduction without prior approval, excluding third-party material. Source terms ↗

natural-earth-rivers

Rivers and lake centre lines · 1:10 million

Publisher: Natural Earth / Tom Patterson, Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso and contributors
Reference period: Generalised cartography, retrieved 25 October 2026; not historical river courses
Exact source: https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-physical-vectors/10m-rivers-lake-centerlines/
Access & format: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector/master/geojson/ne_10m_rivers_lake_centerlines.geojson. Retrieved 1,455-feature global GeoJSON. Five named line features intersect the Bihar source shapes.
Method: Regional bounding-envelope clipping, then line/polygon intersection using Turf. Display additionally clipped to actual district shapes. Source names preserved.
Limitations: Small-scale generalisation. Intersections are not an official river inventory; absent names do not mean no rivers. Ganges, Ghäghara and Sapt are source labels.
Reuse: Natural Earth raster/vector data are public domain. Attribution is retained voluntarily. Source terms ↗

GEOGRAPHY / 2021 SOURCE

geoBoundaries · India district boundaries

William & Mary geoLab / geoBoundaries; underlying source: Pathways Data Pvt. Ltd. and lgdirectory.gov.in

Reference geography: 2021. Source updated 19 January 2023; build dated 12 December 2023. Publication date beyond the build is not supplied.

Metadata · Pinned simplified GeoJSON, commit 9469f09 · ODbL 1.0

Our explicit crosswalk matches 38 unique Bihar shapes. Names and source shape IDs are retained. The downloaded national simplified file contains 735 features; its metadata reports 736. That discrepancy remains unresolved. Current legal boundaries and seamless topology are not certified.

The geographic subset and derivative geographic measurements are available under ODbL 1.0. Other datasets keep their own terms. The decorative offset outline is a paper-layer treatment, not an invented elevation contour or historical boundary.

Extracted geography ↓ · Attribution notice

Photographs, with their dates.

These are real modern photographs. None is presented as an old historical photograph or as statistical evidence. WebP versions are resized; page framing does not create a claim about the image’s age.